Bouncers are part of a fast bowler’s stock-in-trade and yet they are frequently dangerous. The Laws recognise this by not banning bouncers altogether but by restricting their use. It is up to the umpire to determine whether “the bowling of fast short pitched deliveries” is excessive and likely to result in injury to the batsman. If so decided the umpire initially should act unobtrusively. A quiet comment to the bowler as he walks back to his mark should suffice. However, umpires should not be afraid to follow the steps laid down in the Law if advice is ignored.

The Law gives the following procedure for the umpire to follow if he determines that a bowler is unfairly using the bouncer: Call and signal “no ball” on the next occasion a bouncer is bowled by that bowler, caution the bowler, inform the other umpire, the fielding captain of the fielding side and the batsmen. With the delivery of another bouncer by that bowler the umpire calls and signals “no ball”, cautions the bowler by informing him that this is the final warning, informs the other umpire, the fielding captain and the batsmen. With the delivery of another bouncer the umpire calls and signals “no ball” and directs that the bowler cannot bowl for the remainder of that innings. The other umpire, the fielding captain and the batsmen are so informed.

The over must be completed by another bowler. The replacement cannot be the bowler of the previous or next over. These are strong measures. They rarely need to be applied but umpires should use them if they must.

BOUNDARIES (Law 19) Back to Index

It is essential that captains and umpires agree on the boundaries and the allowances to be made for them prior to the start of a match. In most cases the boundaries will be clearly marked, either with a real line or flags outlining the boundary. In the case of a boundary marked only by flags the imaginary line joining the flags shall be classed as the boundary.

The majority of grounds are void of all obstructions, eg overhanging trees, practice facilities, etc, but in some cases, these will be present. In deciding on the allowances to be made in the case of the ball being hindered by these obstacles, the prevailing custom of the ground will, in most cases, be adhered to. Items such as rollers, pipes and other moveable objects should be removed where possible. It is important to have the same boundaries throughout the duration of the game.

Any cricket enthusiast will know how difficult it is for an umpire to give a ruling on a boundary decision from his normal position at the bowler’s end, especially if a fieldsman fields the ball close to the boundary.

When it is close the integrity of the fieldsman has to be relied upon. The umpire can discuss the matter with the fieldsman to determine whether or not the ball touched or grounded any part of his person on or over the boundary with the ball in his hand. If he has offended in either of these ways a boundary four is scored. If a fence is the boundary the fieldsman may lean against or touch it in fielding the ball and this does not constitute a boundary.

Sight screens are sometimes placed inside the boundary. If a ball strikes the sight screen on the full or passes beneath any part of it a boundary four is scored. If the sight screen is entirely outside the boundary and is struck by the ball on the full then six runs are scored.

Six runs are scored for any hits that pitch over the boundary. If a ball which has been struck hits a boundary fence on the full it would not be six runs because it must clear the boundary. If a fieldsman attempting to catch a ball touches it and it then clears the boundary six runs are scored. (See “overthrows” for further comments)

BOWLED (Law 30) Back to Index

There is rarely any doubt when a batsman is out bowled. All that is required is for one bail to be dislodged from the top of the stumps by the ball. It occasionally happens when a slow bowler is operating and the wicket-keeper is standing right up to the stumps that a ball can spin around the striker’s legs and the umpire does not actually see the ball hit the wicket. Rarely does the striker stand his ground but if he does the umpire has to be certain that the bails were dislodged by the ball and not by the wicket-keeper. The umpire is quite justified in asking his colleague how the wicket was broken, for the umpire at square-leg should always know. He has to watch for stumpings and hit wicket decisions and should, therefore, always be able to see how the wicket was broken.

In paragraph (b) to the Law the words “before the completion of his stroke” are important. If a ball comes from the bat or pad and stops somewhere around the popping crease and the striker, in turning to regain his ground, kicks the ball onto his stumps, he would not be out because he had surely completed his stroke. If the batsman hits or kicks the ball onto his stumps while attempting to protect his wicket he shall be out, bowled.

BYES (Law 26) Back to Index

Byes are runs scored other than “no balls” or “wides” when the ball has not touched either the bat or striker. There is little difficulty in interpreting this Law, except to note that byes are not recorded off a “no ball’ or “wide”. The umpire signals “byes” if they are taken from a “no ball” to show that the runs have not come from the bat and scorers should record them as “no balls”. When “byes” are taken from a “wide” the umpire simply signals “wide”. Byes can only be scored if the ball passes the striker,

CAUGHT (Law 32) Back to Index

The Law for Caught is one of the most difficult for the umpire to adjudicate upon and yet one of the easiest to interpret. There are some aspects of the Law which many people, including players, are not always sure about.

On an appeal for Caught the umpire has two questions to ask himself:

1. Was the ball hit? A clear enough question but where does the ball have to touch for an appeal to be upheld? Answer: The bat or below the wrist of the hand holding the bat. Note: (a) A batsman is not out if a ball is caught after it strikes the part of the glove on or above the wrist. (b) A batsman is not out if a ball is caught after it strikes his hand when not holding the bat.

2. Was the ball caught? Most people seem to know what this means. The important thing is to be sure that the ball is controlled by the fieldsman or wicket-keeper taking the catch. If unsighted or in doubt about the second question an umpire can ask his colleague, but he should never seek his opinion if in doubt about the first question, i.e. was the ball hit? If he is in doubt the batsman must get the benefit.

A fieldsman may catch a ball provided that neither foot touches, nor is grounded over, the boundary. If one foot does touch the boundary or is grounded beyond the boundary then six runs are scored. (See notes on “Boundaries)

A fieldsman may lean against a fence to take a catch provided no part of his person is grounded outside the field of play when the catch is taken. If, after completing a catch, a fieldsman’s momentum carries him across the boundary six runs are scored.

Regardless of the number of runs completed before a catch is taken NO RUNS MAY BE SCORED OFF A CATCH.

If an umpire considers a batsman is out L.B.W. but the ball then strikes his bat and is caught, the catch takes precedence and the striker is out caught. The point of fact takes precedence in this case.

If a batsman hits the ball and then his wicket before the ball is caught, the catch takes precedence and the striker is Out caught.

The umpire at square-leg is often called upon to confirm that a catch was taken cleanly. However, he should never interfere with his colleague’s decision unless consulted by him. The umpire at square-leg must still watch the batsmen for the following during an attempted catch:

1. Did the batsmen cross before the catch was taken? If not the new batsman must take strike.

2. Did the batsman hit his wicket after hitting the ball? If the ball is dropped a decision on hit wicket may be sought.

CREASE See “Implements” Back to Index

DANGER AREA (Law 42.11 and Note (c)) Back to Index

The measurements are given in note (c) but to remove any ambiguity the danger area (100 sq.ft.) is represented by the shaded portion of the diagram below:

The bowler, in following through, must avoid damaging the shaded area. Law 42 Note (c) gives the procedure for the umpire to follow when the bowler continues to mark the pitch in the danger area. Actually the procedure is identical to that laid down for intimidatory bowling except that “no ball” is not called. That is, the umpire cautions the bowler by informing him that this is the first official warning, informs the other umpire, the captain of the fielding side and the batsmen.

This same procedure is followed for a further transgression by the bowler with the caution being that this is the final warning. With a further transgression by the bowler the umpire directs that the bowler can not bowl for the remainder of that innings. The bowler, fielding captain, other umpire and batsmen are so informed. The over must be completed by another bowler. The replacement cannot be the bowler of the previous or the next over.

DEAD BALL (Law 23) Back to Index

A ball becomes dead automatically in the following cases:

1. When finally settled in the hands of the wicket keeper, or the bowler.

2. On reaching or pitching over the boundary.

3. When lodging in the dress of either a batsman or an umpire.

4. Whether played or not it becomes trapped between the bat and person of a batsman or between items of his clothing or equipment.

5. On the call of  “Over” or “Time” by the umpire.

6. When a batsman is given Out.

7. When a penalty is awarded because of a lost ball.

8. When there is a contravention of either of Laws 41.2 (Fielding the ball) or 41.3 (Protective helmets belonging to the fielding side).

9. When there is an award of penalty runs under Law 2.6 (Player returning without permission).

10. When lodging in a protective helmet worn by a member of the fielding side.

An umpire does not have to call “dead ball” in any of the above cases, but it is most important to note that in the first mentioned case of a ball becoming “dead”, it is a matter for the umpire to decide whether the ball is “finally settled”.

The ball shall be considered to be dead when it is clear to the umpire at the bowler's end that the fielding side and both batsmen at the wicket have ceased to regard it as in play.

In addition to the incidents mentioned above, the umpire must call and signal “Dead Ball” in the following cases:

1. In the event of a serious injury to a player or umpire.

2. Should he require to suspend play prior to the striker receiving a delivery.

3. For intentional deflection. (See under Leg-Byes)

4. If the batsmen attempt to steal a run during the bowler’s run-up. (See Stealing Runs)

5. If he wishes to intervene in cases of unfair play.

On occasions he might also need to call and signal “Dead Ball” in the following circumstances:

1. If he considers the striker is not ready to receive the ball.

2. If the bowler accidentally drops the ball before delivery.

3. If a bail falls from the striker’s wicket before he plays the ball.

If the umpire calls “Dead Ball” before the striker receives it, that delivery which was called “dead” does not count in the over. However, if the “dead ball” call is made after the batsman has received the delivery it does count in the over. A ball does not become “dead” on the call of “No Ball”, or ‘Wide Ball”, or if a wicket is broken (unless of course a batsman is out), or if an unsuccessful appeal is made. In every case where a ball has become “dead” it becomes “live” when the bowler commences his next delivery run.

DECLARATIONS (Law 14) Back to Index

The Law is straightforward and allows the captain of the batting side to declare his innings closed at any time during the match. The interval between innings shall be 10 minutes. If insufficient notice of a declaration is given then the extra time taken to roll the pitch shall be taken out of playing time. (Law 10.1) Further, if a side does not have sufficient lead to enforce the follow-on this Law allows a captain to forfeit his second innings providing he notifies the captain of the opposing side and the umpires in sufficient time to allow seven minutes for rolling of the pitch. The umpires should therefore disallow any forfeiture made more than 3 minutes after the end of an innings.

EQUIPMENT (Umpire’s) Back to Index

An umpire’s equipment may include:

(a) Necessary Equipment

1. A ball counter
2. An over counter
3. A tape measure to check stump and crease dimensions
4. An accurate watch

(b) Additional Equipment

This equipment ensures that the game will progress with the minimum of interruption. Depending on the circumstances an umpire could be required to supply any of the following:

1. Spare bail
2. Band-aids or roll of Elastoplast
3. Pocket knife
4. Scissors
5. White boot laces
6. Sprig spanner
7. Salt tablets
8. Headache tablets
9. Chewing gum
10. Insect repellent
11. Sunburn cream
12. Safety pins
13. Towel to dry the ball in wet conditions
14. New ball if due in the session
15. Notebook and pencil

FOLLOW-ON (Law 13) Back to Index
Umpires and captains should know the required number of runs that a team has to lead by before the captain of the bowling side can enforce the follow-on.

The follow-on requirements are:
 

		Lead by
	One-day match	75 runs
	Two-day match	100 runs
	Three/four-day match	150 runs
	Five or more days match	200 runs

Law 13.2 is clear. As an example — A three-day match that did not commence until the scheduled second day of play because of bad weather would become a two-day match and the lead required by the side batting first to enforce the follow-on would be reduced from 150 to 100 runs. There is no change in the follow-on requirement if a four-day match is reduced to a three-day match if the start is delayed by a day.

GROUND AND WEATHER (Law 3.8) Back to Index

The Law states that all decisions concerning fitness of the pitch, ground and weather for play shall be in the hands of the umpires. This applies to the commencement of play and does not need the agreement of the captains. That is, if the umpires consider that the conditions are suitable for play to commence then it shall commence. If the umpires consider the conditions are unfit for play, they must consult the captains and if they (the captains) both agree to play in the unfit conditions their wishes shall be met. Once play has begun in these unfit conditions the umpires should only offer the suspension of play if the conditions have deteriorated since the agreement to continue or to commence was made. Before a match starts the umpires shall see that every effort is made by the groundsman to improve the playing area, including the pitch. Once play has commenced the groundsman is not permitted to improve the pitch forward of the popping creases unless special regulations so provide but every endeavour should be made to improve the ground, particularly approaches to the wicket and footholes. The conditions outlined above apply at the beginning of any session and after any suspension of play.

HANDLED THE BALL (Law 33) Back to Index

There is little difficulty in interpreting this Law. If a batsman picks up a “live” ball and returns it to a fieldsman without being requested to do so the umpire must, on appeal, give him out. Occasionally a batsman, after playing the ball, will prevent it from rolling onto his stumps by taking his hand from the bat and stopping the ball. He is, of course, out on appeal. It is important to realise that either batsman may be out under this Law.

HIT THE BALL TWICE (Law 34) Back to Index

There are a number of points to note in connection with this Law:

1. When a batsman plays the ball with his pad or person it is regarded as the first hit. If he then kicks or hits it away he has “hit the ball twice” and could be out under the Law.

2. It is the umpire who must decide if the second hit is made in defence of the wicket.

3. If a striker plays the ball with his BAT OR PERSON and it goes to ground before being hit the second time he cannot be Out “caught”. He may only be out “caught” off a second hit if the ball did not touch the ground after the first playing of the ball.

4. A striker is out “obstructing the field” if, when he attempts a second hit he baulks the wicket-keeper or a fieldsman trying to make a catch (Law 37.2). In this instance he might not necessarily actually hit the ball a second time. It is sufficient that in attempting to do so he baulks a catch.

5. Unless he is protecting his wicket the striker may only hit the ball a second time if requested to do so by the fielding side.

NOTE: No runs except over-throws can be scored from a ball legally struck twice. If the batsmen cross for one or more runs before a throw is made and the ball goes to the boundary only 4 runs are scored, i.e. only the over-throws can be scored.

HIT WICKET (Law 35) Back to Index

The wording of this Law is really very clear: If the striker breaks his wicket with his bat, person or clothing (including a hat or helmet) in any of the following circumstances he shall be out:

1. While preparing to receive a delivery — since the ball is live from the time a bowler starts his run-up the striker is out if he breaks his wicket at any time from the commencement of the bowler’s run-up. However, if he breaks his wicket during the bowler’s run-up and the bowler then fails to deliver the ball, the striker is Not Out.

2. While receiving a delivery (i.e. while playing at the ball) — “Receiving A Delivery” includes an attempt to avoid being hit by the ball. If a striker is hit by a fair delivery and immediately falls onto his wicket he would have to be given out on appeal. However, if he is hit and to be seriously injured, the umpire should call “dead ball” immediately.

3. While setting off for his first run immediately after playing at the ball — “Immediately After” is for the umpire to decide. If the striker strokes a ball to a fieldsman and calls for a run after a misfield or if he takes off for his first run after an overthrow, he would not be out if he then slips and breaks his wicket. If the striker completes his stroke and, realising there is a possibility of being stumped or run out attempts to regain his ground and breaks his wicket, he is not out.

Only the umpire at square-leg can answer an appeal for hit wicket. He should not allow his eyes to follow the ball in play until he is satisfied that the striker has not infringed this Law. This is especially difficult when:

(a) The wicket-keeper is standing up close to the wicket.
(b) The ball is struck towards the umpire who must avoid it but still watch for hit wicket.
(c) There is a possibility of a catch. The umpire at square-leg should discipline himself to watch the hit wicket possibility before diverting his attention to the catch. If the ball is dropped and the striker’s wicket is broken the square-leg umpire must know how the bail was dislodged.

ILLEGAL FIELDING (Law 411) Back to Index
The ball can be stopped legally by a fieldsman only by using any part of his person. If a fieldsman wilfully stops a “live” ball illegally, 5 runs are added. Even though it is an odd number the batsmen do not change ends. If the batsmen have crossed for the first run before the offence takes place then six runs are scored, or seven if they have crossed for the second run and so on. The striker does not return to the striker’s end if he is at the non-striker’s end when the penalty is incurred. It should be noted that the ball becomes dead once the offence has been committed and no Run Outs or catches can be claimed

Further, the 5 runs are added to the score of the striker if he has played the ball with his bat, or to byes, leg-byes, wides or no balls as the case may be.

IMPLEMENTS (Laws 5, 6.7. 8. 9) Back to Index

These Laws give all the dimensions of the implements of the game. (I'll update these to metric shortly, PB)

BALL:

Weight Maximum: 5 1/4 ozs (163 g) Minimum: 51/2 ozs (155.9 g)
Circumference Maximum: 9 ins (22.9 cm) Minimum: 8 13/16 ins (22.4 cm)

BAT:

Length Maximum: 38 ins (96.5 cm)
Width Maximum: 4 1/4 ins (10.8 cm)
Weight No restriction
The blade of the bat must be made of wood. Any binding of a bat may not be more than 1/16 ins (1.56mm) thick.

PITCH:

Length 22 yards (20.12 m)
Width  10 feet (3.04 mm)
The distance between the inside edges of the Return Creases is 8ft 8ins (2.64 m)
Click here for a pitch diagram

STUMPS:

Height 28 ins (71.1 cm)
Width 9 ins (22.86 cm)
Click here for a stumps and crease diagram

BAILS:

Length 4 3/4 ins (1 1.1 cm)
These should project no more than ½ inch (1.3 cm) above the top of the stumps.

CREASES:

It is important to note on the diagram which edges of the lines the measurements are made from and the correct positioning of the stumps on the Bowling Crease.

INTERVALS (Law 16) Back to Index
One of the many duties of the umpires before the game is to ascertain the hours of play and the times agreed upon for any interval for meals etc. (See also discussion on Time Law 17.1)

The length of each interval is determined by the appropriate cricket body and should be agreed upon by umpires and captains prior to the start of play. They should not then be changed unless special regulations make provision for a change. There are special Laws relating to each interval.

Between Innings: The interval between innings should not exceed ten minutes.

Lunch: If an innings ends or there is a stoppage within ten minutes of the scheduled lunch interval then lunch is taken immediately. The resumption after lunch is at the scheduled time. For example if lunch is scheduled between 1.00 pm and 1.40 pm and an innings closes at 12.55 pm, the lunch interval is taken immediately and play resumes at 1.40 pm.

Tea: If an innings ends or there is a stoppage within thirty minutes of the scheduled tea interval then tea is taken immediately and the interval shall be of the agreed length. For example if tea is scheduled between 4.00 pm and 4.20 pm and an innings closes at 3.45 pm, the tea interval commences immediately and play resumes at 4.05 pm. If there are nine wickets down when the time for tea is reached play continues for another thirty minutes or until the innings ends. The captains may agree to forego a tea interval at anytime during a match.

Drinks: The time for drinks should be established before a match commences. Either side may take drinks when the time for the interval is reached. If a wicket falls within five minutes of the due time for drinks they should be taken immediately. Drinks shall not be taken if there is an interruption or change of innings within thirty minutes of the due time for drinks. The captains may agree to forego drinks at any time during a match.

LAST HOUR (Laws 17.6 and 17.7) Back to Index

This Law is designed to prevent fielding sides from trying to avoid a result when in danger of defeat. It can be quite complex at times and a wrong interpretation by the umpires can seriously affect the result. The following points are listed to provide a clearer view of the Law:

1. When one hour of play remains the umpire signals to the scorers, on completion of the over in progress, to indicate that a minimum of 20 overs are to be bowled.

2. If there is an interruption during the bowling of these 20 overs, say due to rain or poor light, one over is deducted for every full 3 minutes lost. Suppose 5 overs and 3 balls have been bowled and play is interrupted for 10 minutes because of rain. Ten minutes lost means three overs are lost. Add the five overs and three balls already bowled equals eight overs and three balls. So three balls (i.e. complete the over in progress) and eleven overs are to be bowled on resumption.

3. If an innings closes during the bowling of 20 overs in the last hour of the match the umpires have two calculations to make. They then select the result which is the larger

i.) The number of minutes of play remaining after the change of innings is divided by three with one over added for any remainder i.e. 40 minutes = 14 overs.

ii.) From 20 overs, deduct the completed overs already bowled in the last hour and further deduct 3 overs for the 10 minutes interval. e.g. An innings ends after 6.4 overs of the last 20 have been bowled. On resumption there are 25 minutes remaining:

Calculation 1:  25 mins / 3 = 9 overs
Calculation 2:  20 - 6.4 - 3 = 11 overs (Ignore the 4 balls)

Therefore in this example 11 overs are to be bowled on resumption.

4. If the required number of overs to be bowled is completed before "Time” then play continues until ‘Time”.

5. If a bowler is unable to complete an over during this hour another bowler shall complete it from the same end. The replacement bowler must not have bowled the previous over nor bowl the next over.

6. If the final hour commences in the middle of an over, as it usually does, the over in progress does not count as one (or part of one) of the last 20 overs.

LEG BEFORE WICKET (Law 36) Back to Index
When considering L.B.W. appeals the umpire needs to have a mental picture of the pitch divided into three different sections as follows:

These three numbered sections of the pitch will be discussed as though the batsman on strike were a right hander. If he were a left hander the numbers would be reversed (le 1 & 3 would change places).

Let us now discuss the L.B.W. Law as it applies to each of these three areas of the pitch:

1. The area outside the leg stump — if the ball pitches in this area a batsman may not be out L.B.W. under any circumstances.

2. The area between wicket and wicket and

3. The area outside the off stump — if the ball pitches in either of these areas the umpire has to consider the point of impact.

Was the striker struck between wicket and wicket or was he struck outside the line of the off stump?

(A) Point of impact in the line wicket to wicket — The batsman may be Out L.B.W. regardless of whether the striker played a shot or not.

(B) Point of impact outside line of off stump — The batsman may only be Out L.B.W. if the umpire believes he made NO ATTEMPT TO PLAY THE BALL WITH HIS BAT.

If the batsman is struck on the full then the place where he was struck is where, for the purpose of this Law, the ball is deemed to have pitched.

A batsman may not be out L.B.W. if the ball touches his bat first.

In all cases the L.B.W. appeal can only be upheld if the umpire considers the ball would have hit the wicket.

 

	Impact outside the off-stump with the batsman making a genuine stroke to play the ball with his bat. (Ball on line to wicket)	1. Impact outside off stump without a genuine stroke. 2. Batsman can be out to a ball pitched outside off-stump with or without a stroke if impact is between wicket and wicket.
	Ball pitched in a straight line between wicket and wicket.	Ball pitched outside batsman’s leg stump.

In each of these illustrations it is assumed the ball would have travelled on to hit the wicket had it not been first intercepted by the batsman’s pad.

LEG-BYES (Law 26.2 and 26.3) Back to Index
1. The biggest difficulty presented by this Law is the problem of intentional deflection. The important part of the Law is the last sentence of 26.2. Umpires should allow leg-byes in the following circumstances:

(a) The batsman attempted to play the ball with his bat.
(b) The batsman attempted to avoid being hit by the ball.

2. If the batsman made no attempt to play the ball and let it hit him, no leg- byes are allowed. The umpire should call and signal ‘Dead Ball’ as soon as one run is completed or as soon as the ball has crossed the boundary, or when it is clear no run is being attempted. No run is scored and the batsmen return to their original positions. The idea of delaying the call until the completion of one run is so that the fielding side is not deprived of the opportunity to effect a run out.

3. It should be noted that NO RUNS, not even overthrows, are allowed in the event of intentional deflection and if a throw goes to the boundary umpires should ascertain that the scorers did not allow leg-byes. (The “Dead Ball” signal should be sufficient.)

4. It is also pointed Out that a boundary “six” cannot be scored as leg-byes. (See Law 19.2 where it is made clear that six can only be scored from “hits pitching over or clear of the boundary line or fence”.)

LIGHT (Law 3.8) Back to Index
The fitness of the light before the commencement of play in any session shall be entirely in the hands of the umpires. When the umpires agree that the light is unsuitable they ask the batsmen if they wish to continue play. The fielding side is given no option. Once “offered the light” the batsmen decide whether play shall continue. If the batsmen decide to continue they may later appeal against the light at any time. (They may not appeal before the umpires “offer the light”.) Such an appeal shall only be upheld if the umpires believe that the light has deteriorated since it was first offered.

Both umpires should consult when considering the light. The state of the match should not have any bearing on their decision. It is obvious that if the light is poor then it is more dangerous for the batsmen if a fast bowler, rather than a slow bowler, is bowling. The umpires should consider this aspect.

No matter what decision the umpires make, it will not please both sides; therefore the umpires should consult and, having made their decision, carry it out. If the umpires cannot agree on the fitness of the light then play must continue until they both agree that the light is not suitable.

While play is suspended the umpires should check the light regularly and call the players back on to the field as soon as they agree that the light has improved sufficiently for play to resume.

LOST BALL (Law 20) Back to Index
This Law is a survivor from the days when cricket grounds did not all have clear boundaries and there were shrubs and rabbit holes and such things on the field of play. It is rarely applied in modern times. The only place where it probably could apply is if a ball were to disappear down a drain which is inside the boundary.

If a ball crosses the boundary and is lost no penalty applies, the only score being the runs allowed for boundary. Only when the ball is lost on the field of play (i.e. inside the boundary) shall six runs be added to the score. The six runs are not added if more than six runs were completed before the call.

NEW BALL (Laws 5.2. 5,3, 5,4. 5.5) Back to Index
Before the match all balls to be used should be approved by the umpires and captains. Cricket authorities usually stipulate the types of balls approved for a particular competition. Unless a local Law overrides this provision, either captain may insist that a new ball be used at the start of each innings.

Governing bodies usually stipulate the number of overs to be bowled before a new ball may be taken. Law 5.4 states that 75 six-ball overs is a minimum. The fielding captain is not obliged to take a new ball immediately it falls due. When a new ball is taken the umpire should indicate this fact to the scorers and to the batsmen. If it is taken during an over that over counts as the first with the new ball.

If a ball is lost or becomes unfit during play the umpires should replace it with one in similar condition. The choice is the umpires’ alone and discussion with players should not be entered into. All that is required is to show the batsmen the replacement ball. There is no alteration to the tally for taking a new ball when such a replacement is made.

NO BALL (Law 24) Back to Index
The most common reason for an umpire to call “no ball” is when the bowler, in delivering the ball, does not place his feet correctly. Before explaining this aspect of the No Ball Law it is important that the relevant markings are understood.

The popping crease marks the beginning of the area known as the “batsman’s ground” for run out decisions and for stumping decisions. It is also the line which limits the bowler’s front foot. When delivering the ball the bowler must have some part of his front foot behind this line. The part of the foot behind the line does not have to be grounded at any time so it is quite permissible for the bowler to ground only the ball of his foot as long as the raised heel has some part behind the popping crease.

The return crease is the line which restricts the width from which a bowler may deliver the ball. No part of his back foot is allowed, in the delivery stride, to touch this line. The heel may be over it but not touching it.

The bowling crease lost any relevance to this Law when the front foot Law was introduced. The umpire, therefore, must watch the placement of both feet in deciding on the fairness of a delivery.

Other reasons umpires may call “no ball” are as follows:

1. By the umpire at square leg:

(a) For suspect bowling action, i.e. “throwing”. The Laws give clear guidelines for the umpire to follow. Two important points to be aware of are:

i. Either umpire is allowed under the Laws to call for suspect action. However, it is usually left to the umpire at square leg as his colleague is busy watching the bowler’s feet.

ii. The umpire at square leg should “call” a bowler if he is in doubt about his action. The umpire does not have to be convinced the action is illegal. He only has to suspect that it is.

(b) When there are more than two on-side fieldsmen behind square leg, i.e. the line of the popping crease.

(c) When the wicket keeper has any part of his person projecting in front of the stumps before the striker has played the ball.

(d) When the umpire believes the bowler is using intimidatory tactics. (See “BOUNCERS”)

2. By the umpire at the bowler’s end

(a) For the bowler changing to round the wicket from over the wicket (or vice-versa) without informing the umpire, who then would inform the striker.

(b) For the bowler changing from right to left arm delivery (or vice-versa) without informing the umpire, who then would inform the striker.

(c) When a fieldsman, fielding in close, has some part of his person projecting on or over the pitch (i.e. 5 feet from the line of the middle stumps) before the striker has played the ball.

A no ball does not count in the over.

The striker may be Out from a “no ball” if he hits the ball twice and either batsman may be run out, or given out for handling the ball or obstructing the field.

The umpire should call and signal at the instant of delivery. All runs, except those off the bat, are scored as “no balls”.

When the ball has become dead the umpire should repeat the “no ball” signal to the scorers and wait for an acknowledgement from them.

The following diagrams show FAIR DELIVERIES:

OBSTRUCTING THE FIELD (Law 37) Back to Index
This Law provides that if either batsman wilfully obstructs the opposite side by word or action he shall be given out on appeal.

The Law also states that should either batsman wilfully prevent a ball from being caught it is the striker who is out. This section of the Law takes care of the situation where a good batsman hits a catch and the non striker, a poor batsman, deliberately obstructs the fielder so that he drops the catch. By doing this the poor batsman is prepared to sacrifice his wicket. Because of this Law his sacrifice is in vain because it is the STRIKER who is out.

In applying this Law the umpire should be completely satisfied that the obstruction was wilful; that the batsman deliberately committed that act to prevent a dismissal or to gain some advantage.

The Law emphasises the need for umpires to be on the alert at all times, as the interpretation of this Law is a judgement to be made solely on the observation of the umpire at the bowler’s end. He may consult his colleague if there is an appeal for obstruction which took place, say at the striker’s end, while the umpire at the bowler’s end was watching for a run out at his end or a short run or even a catch.

OVER (Law 22) Back to Index
Umpires should be careful to observe the following points regarding this Law:

1. Both umpires should count the balls of an over and check constantly with each other. Signalling unobtrusively to each other when there are two balls left is the normal practice. Never be afraid to check with the scorers if there is uncertainty about the number of balls remaining.

2. If for any reason a bowler cannot finish an over another bowler must complete it. The replacement bowler cannot have bowled the previous over and may not bowl the next over.

3. Umpires should not call “Over” until the ball is dead or until it is obvious that no further runs will be attempted and that the fielding side has no chance of dismissing a batsman.

4. An appeal may be made and upheld after the call of “Over” provided the appeal is made before the first delivery of a new over. (Law 27.1)

5. If for any reason an over is incomplete at the start of an interval or interruption it must be completed on the resumption of play.

OVERTHROWS Back to Index
If an overthrow from a fieldsman crosses the boundary the boundary four is added to the runs completed and the run in progress provided the batsmen have crossed at the instant of the throw. For example, the striker hits the ball and the batsmen cross for one run before the fieldsman throws the ball. The throw misses the stumps and the ball crosses the boundary. Five runs would be added to the striker’s score. If the batsmen have crossed for a second run before the throw is made 6 runs are scored. If the striker does not hit the ball and the batsmen attempt to run the same ruling applies, except that the runs scored would be “Byes”, "Wides”, “No Balls” or “Leg-Byes” as the case may be (see Notes on “Leg-Byes” in the case of intentional deflection).

It is important that the umpires make sure the correct batsman faces the next delivery. In the case of the above example where the batsmen crossed for one run before the ball was thrown, the non-striker faces the next delivery. In the case of the batsmen having crossed for two runs before the throw it would be the striker who faces the next delivery.

The implications of fieldsmen taking catches on the boundary are explained under “Caught”.

PENALTIES See “Illegal Fielding”, “Lost Ball”, “No Ball”, “Wide Ball” Back to Index

PITCH See “Implements” Back to Index

RESULT (Law 21) Back to Index
This Law is quite explicit in its directions. The determination of the result of a match is entirely the responsibility of the umpires should there be any dispute. There is nothing in the Laws to prevent the umpires from resuming a match if the scorers notify them of an error and indicate that a result was not in fact reached. If “time” has not been reached the umpires should order the players to resume the match and continue until the agreed finishing time or until a result has been reached, whichever comes first. Play cannot resume if time has been reached.

The umpires should award a match to one side if the other side either concedes defeat or refuses to play.

RETIRING (Law 29) Back to Index
A batsman may “retire hurt” at any time if he is injured or becomes ill. When doing so he must inform the umpire at the bowler’s end. He may resume his innings at the fall of a wicket or the retirement of another batsman.

If he retires for any reason other than injury or illness a batsman may only resume his innings with the permission of the opposing captain.

If a retired batsman does not resume his innings it is recorded “retired, not Out” if he retired hurt. Otherwise it is recorded “retired, out”.

RUN OUT (Law 38) Back to Index
It is quite common to see uncertainty between batsmen when they are running between wickets. Players can misjudge the quick single or returns from the outfield. It makes for exciting cricket when there is a misunderstanding between batsmen, especially when there is a close run out decision. On the other hand, any experienced umpire will agree that one of the hardest decisions to give under the Laws of cricket is a close run out.

If while the ball is in play, either batsman is out of his ground when the fielding side puts down the wicket at either end, the umpire has to decide which batsman is out. The following examples might be helpful in enabling him to give the correct ruling. In the first instance the batsmen have crossed and the non- striker is running towards the wicket which is put down. In this case it is the non-striker who is out. In the second instance the wicket has been broken at the striker’s end before the batsmen have crossed. The striker, therefore, is out.

If a striker strikes the ball and it hits the opposite wicket neither batsman is liable to be “run out” unless the ball has been touched by a fieldsman before it hit the wicket.

When there is a close run out decision, with the batsman diving towards his crease and the wicketkeeper or fieldsman attempting to break the wicket, it is very difficult for the umpire to focus his eyes on two separate incidents. The umpire must decide:

1. Whether the batsman has grounded some part of his bat or person behind the popping crease, and

2. That the wicket is put down or broken in a legal manner (refer Law 28).

An umpire must be in a good position to be able to give a Run Out decision. The umpire at the striker’s end will either be at square leg or point but if the wicket is broken at his end he must endeavour to always have a good view of the fieldsman breaking the wicket to see that it is done legally and to be on the alert for a fieldsman backing up who could obscure his view. The umpire at the bowler’s end is less fortunate. He has to move quickly into position to be in line with the popping crease and in so doing must avoid interfering with the fieldsman or the ball as it is being returned to the wicket.

A batsman may not be run out off a no ball unless he is attempting a run. That is, a batsman standing out of his ground after playing the “no ball” but not attempting a run is not out if the fielding side put down his wicket.

SCORERS (Law 4) Back to Index
Under “Before The Game” mention is made of the need for umpires to communicate with scorers. During play the umpires should always ascertain that the scorers have received and understood their signals. If they are not sure it could be necessary for an umpire to leave the field or relay a message to the scorers before allowing play to proceed. On other occasions there could be a need to make some point clear to the scorers during an interval. eg — “Bloggs was Out caught, not hit wicket.”

A good understanding between umpires and scorers is essential. However, the umpires should not interfere with the scorers except to clear up some point about which they might be uncertain and wish to ask about; e.g. “Smith and Jones crossed and then tried to regain their ground. Jones was run-out. Was a run scored?” Such a misunderstanding between scorers should never happen if the umpires are alert. If it does occur it is the umpires who must instruct the scorers whether to record a run or not.

The scorers should check with each other constantly to avoid discrepancies between the two books. If there is a disagreement between the two books, which affects the result of the match, the umpires have the responsibility of deciding the scores and the result. (See RESULT)

SHORT RUNS (Law 18,2) Back to Index
A batsman is required to ground either his bat or some part of his person behind the popping crease in turning for further runs. If he fails to do this, the umpire at that end must signal “One Short” when the ball becomes dead. If both batsmen run short in the same run, only one run is deducted and there can only be more than one “Short Run” if three or more runs are attempted. If both umpires signal a short run off the same delivery it is necessary to ascertain if it is the same run and to be sure of the correct number of runs scored. If there is more than one short run the umpires must instruct the scorers as to the number of runs disallowed.

If a batsman takes guard in front of the popping crease he is entitled to run from that position without being penalised for one “Short Run”.

If a run is called “Short” the subsequent run is not short.

The occasion could arise where a recognised batsman is batting with a lower- order batsman and to enable the recognised batsman to retain the strike one or other runs “short” deliberately. In this case the umpire calls “Dead Ball” and disallows any runs. The call of “Dead Ball” should come when the umpire considers the fielding side has no chance of dismissing either batsman.

An umpire signals “One Short” by bending his arm upwards and touching his shoulder with the tips of his fingers.

SIGNALS (Law 3,13) Back to Index
The undermentioned signals are self-explanatory but liaison between umpire and scorers must be strictly maintained. It is of paramount importance that scorers clearly acknowledge umpires’ signals and equally important that umpires wait until signals have been acknowledged by scorers before allowing play to proceed. Any doubtful points should be cleared up whenever practical during play. If not practical, umpires and scorers should confer during the first available break in play. If the above procedure is adhered to, disagreement regarding scores and results of matches should not occur.

Following is the official code of signals between umpires and scorers:

1.  Boundary fours are called “four runs” and signalled by waving an arm horizontally from side to side and a boundary six is called “six” and signalled by raising both arms vertically above the head.

2. Byes are signalled by raising an open hand above the head.

3. Leg-byes are signalled by touching a raised knee with the hand.

4. Wides are called ‘Wide Ball” and signalled by extending both arms horizontally.

5. No-Balls are called “No Ball” and signalled by extending one arm horizontally.

6. The decision “Out” is signalled by raising an index finger above the head.

7. "Short” runs are called “one short” and signalled by bending an arm upwards and touching the shoulder with the finger tips.

8. Dead Ball is called “Dead Ball” and signalled by crossing the arms back and forth in front of the knees.

9. If an umpire has a reason to alter a signal or a decision he crosses his arms in front of his body with fingers on shoulders, waits for the scorers’ acknowledgement and then gives the amended signal. This signal is accepted at all levels of cricket but is not part of the Laws.

10. Besides visually signalling, in cases 1, 4, 5, 7 and 8 above, umpires must also call distinctly for the information of the players.

START OF PLAY (Law 15) Back to Index
Just before the time set down for play to commence the umpire at the bowler’s end should:

1. Signal to the scorers to ascertain that they are ready.

2. Ask the batsman on strike and the fielding captain if they are ready for play to commence.

When all is ready and time is reached the umpire calls “Play”. This procedure should be followed at the commencement of any session or resumption after intervals.

If either side refuses to play the umpire has the power to award the match to the opposition. It is essential that the umpire does not award a match under this rule until he is absolutely satisfied that:

1. The captains of both sides are aware of the consequences, and that play is due to start,

2. There has been an appeal made and

3. The offending side will not or cannot, continue play.

Any penalty under the Law must be a matter for joint decision by both umpires. See notes under “RESULT”.

STEALING RUNS (Laws 42,12. 24,4. 24,5) Back to Index
These Laws outline umpiring procedures in a number of very complex situations and the umpire has to be very alert on the extremely rare occasions when he has to call on his knowledge of these Laws. Various situations and what to do are listed below:

1. 1. “The Mankad” i.e. the non-striker leaves his ground before the ball is delivered. The Laws say nothing about warning the non-striker for this, though it has become general practice to do so. The non-striker is out run- out if his wicket is broken in any legal manner and he is out of his ground at any time after the bowler has commenced his run up. If a bowler, having commenced his run up observes the non-striker standing out of his ground and throws at his wicket the umpires do not call “no ball”. But if the throw misses and overthrows are scored these are scored as “no balls” and the throw does not count in the over.

2. The striker taking guard outside the popping crease: The striker is allowed to do this and if a bowler, thinking the striker is not allowed to do so commences his run up then throws, either to the striker’s wicket or to the wicket-keeper, the umpire at square leg should call and signal “no ball” and the batsman, having his wicket put down, would be Not Out as he is not attempting a run. Making the call is extremely important. If the umpire neglects to make the call and

   1.  the ball hits the wicket, the batsman is out “bowled” or

   2. the ‘keeper catches it and breaks the wicket with the striker still out of his ground, the striker is out “stumped”.

3. The batsmen attempting a run during the bowler’s run up. This is clearly not allowed by the Laws. The bowler who has commenced his run up and observes that the batsmen have started to run has a choice of four actions:

1. He may bowl in the normal manner and the striker is out “bowled” if the ball hits the wicket or “run out” if the ‘keeper breaks the wicket cleanly. In this case the umpires should call “dead ball” as soon as the batsmen cross and no run is allowed. The delivery would count as one in the over.

2. Throw to the non-striker’s wicket. If he does, “no ball” is not called (see the “Mankad” above). If the wicket is broken and the non-striker is out of his ground he is out “run out” and the normal “run out” Law regarding the batsmen crossing applies.

3. He may throw to the striker’s end. The umpire must call “no ball” but if the wicket is hit, or broken fairly by the ‘keeper, the batsman is “run out”.

4. In either of these last two cases (b) or (c), overthrows or runs completed safely are allowed and it would probably be in the bowler’s interest to take the fourth choice open to him: He may stop in his run up, hang on to the ball and do nothing. The umpire would then call “dead ball” as soon as the batsmen crossed and no runs would be allowed. He would then instruct the batsmen to return to their places.

These procedures are complicated and umpires need to be completely conversant with them so that they may apply them without hesitation.

STUMPED (Law 39) Back to Index
This method of dismissal is fairly straightforward. However, there are several important points to note:

1. The striker may be out stumped if, when the bails are removed by the wicket- keeper, no part of his person or bat in hand is grounded behind the popping crease. On the line is out.

2. The ball must be a legitimate delivery. A “no ball” does not qualify for “stumping”, but a “wide” does

3. The striker, if out of his ground, is out “stumped” only if not attempting a run. If attempting a run, he is out “run out” and the umpire must use his judgement and decide accordingly.

4. The striker can only be out “stumped” if the wicket is put down by the wicket- keeper without the intervention of another fieldsman. If intervention takes place prior to the wicket-keeper putting the wicket down the decision is “run out” on all occasions.

5. The wicket-keeper must not take the ball in front of the stumps. He must remain wholly behind the wicket until either the ball has touched the bat or the striker’s person or until it has passed the stumps. If the striker attempts a run, however, the ‘keeper is entitled to take the ball in front of the wicket. The decision then becomes “Run Out”. If the wicket-keeper moves forward of the stumps before either a run is attempted or the ball touches the bat or the striker the umpire at square leg should call and signal “no ball”.

6. The decision of “stumped” must always be given by the umpire standing at the striker’s end.

STUMPS See “Implements” Back to Index

SUBSTITUTES (Law 2) Back to Index
In practice the use of substitutes rarely presents any problems, mainly because captains, through a sense of sportsmanship, generally agree to co-operate. The Law is very detailed and can present some very awkward situations for umpires. To assist readers the Law is divided into sections: substitute fieldsmen and substitute batsmen.

Fieldsmen: Law 1 makes it quite clear that a side consists of eleven players, not twelve. If one of the eleven players is injured during play a substitute is permitted to field and he need not have been previously named. The substitute may field anywhere in any position but he shall not bowl. He may only keep wickets with the permission of the batting captain. If a player has to leave the field for any reason other than injury or illness a substitute can be used only if the batting captain gives permission. (This rule has been modified for some competitions in 2002-03)

Batsmen: If a batsman is injured during play he is entitled to use a runner who, if possible, has already batted. Unless the runner needs to bat, or becomes injured himself, he should not be changed. The umpires should not interfere in regard to the person acting as a runner unless asked. It is the players’ responsibility to know the Laws and umpires should take it that no objection indicates consent.

When an injured batsman is on strike the umpire at the bowler’s end must be careful to move to the side opposite to the runner when making position for a run out at his end, If he does not he will find the substitute runner moving behind him.

The following situations should be noted.

1. Injured striker plays and misses. ‘Keeper takes the ball and breaks the wicket. Substitute runner is not behind the popping crease. DECISION: Injured striker is out, run out.

2. Injured striker plays the ball, forgets he has a runner and he and the non- striker complete one run. The substitute runner does not move. The ball is returned to the ‘keeper and he breaks the wicket. DECISION: Injured striker is out, run out. No run is allowed.

3. Injured striker plays the ball, forgets he has a runner and all three (injured striker, substitute runner and non-striker) complete a run. The wicket at the striker’s end is put down. DECISION: Injured striker is out, run out. No run is allowed. Non-striker returns to the bowler’s end and the new batsman is on strike.

4. Injured striker plays the ball and the non-striker and runner attempt a run. The wicket at the striker’s end is put down with the injured man out of his ground. DECISION: Injured striker is out, run out. Non-striker returns to bowler’s end.

5. Injured striker plays the ball and is out of his ground, non- striker and runner make no move, 'keeper puts the striker's wicket down. DECISION: Injured striker is out, run out if attempting a run or stumped if he is not attempting a run.

6. Injured striker plays the ball, forgets he has a runner and he and the non- striker complete one run. The substitute runner does not move. The wicket at the non-striker’s end is put down. Umpires should always remember that only the non-striker and the substitute can actually take runs. So in this case one man (the non-striker) has run to the other end and both are therefore stranded at the striker’s end. The position of the injured striker is, in this case, quite irrelevant. DECISION: Non-striker is out, run out. No run is scored.

TIME (Law 171) Back to Index
Calling and observing “Time” correctly are extremely important parts of an umpire’s duties.

1. Starting Play: As stated in “Before The Game” the umpires must tell both captains when 5 minutes remain before the commencement of each session. The umpire at the bowler’s end calls “Play” to begin each session but not before ascertaining that the scorers and players are ready and that it is time to commence.

2.  End of a Session or Close of Play: If the umpire at the bowler’s end takes up his position before the time for a session to end the over shall be bowled even though its duration takes play beyond time. If a wicket falls within 2 minutes of the time for the session to end “Time” is called and the over is completed at the beginning of the next session. Only in the last over of a match may either captain insist that the final over be bowled.

Umpires should be checking time regularly. After the umpire at the bowler’s end has called “Time” to end a session the umpires as they walk off should take particular note of which batsman will be on strike when play resumes, which bowler bowled the last over and if the session ends in the middle of an over, how many balls remain in the over. To be sure that play recommences from the correct end it is usual for the umpire who will be at the bowler’s end on resumption to take custody of the ball. It is particularly important for umpires to note these things if play is interrupted in the middle of a session. (See comments under “Last Hour” regarding the 20 overs in the last hour.)

TIMED OUT (Law 31) Back to Index
At the fall of a wicket the next batsman must be on the field of play within two minutes. If he is not he may be Out on appeal from the fielding side. If an appeal is made the umpires must investigate the cause of the delay. If they consider the incoming batsman has deliberately wasted time the umpire at the bowler’s end should uphold the appeal. Any time taken by the umpires to investigate the delay must be added to the close of play on that day.

TIME WASTING (Law 42,10) Back to Index
Umpires must be on guard against time wasting by either team. Time wasting can be employed by a captain as a deliberate tactic to gain an advantage over the opposition. It is unfair and must be dealt with promptly. The Law provides the procedures to follow in each of the following cases:

1. Time Wasting by Fielding Captain: It is a common tactic of some fielding captains to deliberately waste time in this fashion in an attempt to prevent the batting side from reaching a target within the time available. If the fielding captain is deliberately using excessive amounts of time to set his field or discuss tactics the umpire should:
   (i) Caution the captain and inform the other umpire,
   (ii) if the time wasting continues he should repeat the caution,
   (iii) if it still continues he should inform the batting captain at the next interval, and
   (iv) report the captain to the responsible authority at the end of the day’s play.
    

2. Time Wasting by the Bowler: The above type of offence is usually accompanied by time wasting by the bowler. In the event of a bowler taking too long to complete his overs, whether caused by the captain or not, the umpire at the bowler’s end carries out the procedure as laid down under “Bouncers” (except NO-BALL is not called). On the third occasion, that is after two warnings, the umpire waits until the ball is dead and then informs the bowler, captain and the other umpire that the bowler may not bowl again in that innings. Rarely, if ever, will this final step be necessary, but umpires must be prepared to remove the bowler if the cautions go unheeded.

3. Time Wasting by Batsmen Batsmen are Just as capable of deliberate time wasting. The circumstances most likely to produce this would be if the fielding side was on top and the batsmen do not wish to face another over in the session. A mid-wicket conference, an adjustment to shoe-lace or pad-strap or a change of gloves may be the ploy. Umpires should be aware of this practice and remind the batsmen that they should be ready to take strike when the bowler is ready to start his run-up. If the batsmen persist with wasting time the umpires should carry out the same procedure as in “time wasting by the fielding captain”.

WICKET IS DOWN (Law 28) Back to Index
The wicket is not “down” merely because a bail has been disturbed but is “down” if a bail in falling from the wicket lodges between the stumps. This is to say the bail does not have to fall to the ground. Of course the possibility of the bail lodging between the stumps is very unlikely but it could happen.

“Disturbed” means the bail has come out of its groove and is resting on the top of the stumps. The wicket is not down in this situation.

If one bail is off it is sufficient to dislodge the other bail to effect a run out or stumping.

If both bails are off the fieldsman may:

1. replace one of them and remove it again with the ball or ball in hand,

2. pull a stump from the ground with the ball in the hand or hands used,

3. throw the ball and knock a stump completely out of the ground.

4. If all stumps are out of the ground the fieldsman must replace one of them and then, with the ball in hand or hands used, remove it again or knock it out with a throw.

It should be noted that a fieldsman with the ball in hand may break the wicket with that hand or ARM. Umpires may remove the bails in a strong wind. Umpires are not required to remake the wicket while the ball is in play but a fieldsman may do so, as stated above.

WIDE BALL (Law 25) Back to Index
A ball is a wide if it passes so high or wide that it is beyond the reach of the striker. Where the ball has pitched is therefore quite irrelevant. There are no markings to define a wide. Some people are often under the mistaken impression that the return crease limits the allowable width of a delivery.

The umpire shall not call “wide” if the batsmen moves to a position so that the ball is beyond his reach or moves to a position so that the ball is within his reach. A wide does not count in an over.

The striker may be out five ways off a wide: Run out, stumped, hit wicket, handled the ball and obstructing the field.

The non-striker may be run out or given out if he handles the ball or obstructs the field.

The umpire should call and signal “wide” as soon as the ball passes the stumps. All runs scored off a wide are recorded as wides, not byes. Obviously if the ball touches the striker’s person a wide would not be called so there should never be runs to the striker or leg byes scored off a wide.

In limited over (one-day) matches umpires are usually required to apply a harsher interpretation of the Wide Law. The normal guide in these matches is to call “wide” any delivery which does not give the striker a reasonable chance to play the ball. Such a ruling is in part of the official Laws of Cricket.

If a ball considered to have been delivered comes to rest, no matter how wide, in front of the stumps, the umpire does not call or signal “wide” for the striker is entitled to play the ball. If he elects not to play it the ball is retrieved and the delivery counts in the over. If he does elect to play it the fieldsmen must stand in their original positions (i.e. where they were at the time of the delivery). If a fieldsman picks the ball up or moves it the umpire should replace it and allow the batsman to play it. As the ball is played off the ground the striker may neither be out caught nor score six runs. The striker may make only one attempt to hit the ball.

The umpire must call and signal “dead ball” as soon as it is clear that the striker does not wish to play the ball, or after the striker has made one unsuccessful attempt to hit the ball. Whether the striker elects to play the ball or not the ball counts in the over.

Web site sponsored by:

Backup My Files
Data Backup:- off-site, every night

Last updated 15/08/07